;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$hasAttributes (#$isa #$hasAttributes #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hasAttributes #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$hasAttributes #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$hasAttributes "A very general predicate. (#$hasAttributes THING ATT) means that THING has the attribute ATT. See also #$AttributeType and #$AttributeValue.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$hasAttributes #$SENSUS-Information1997 "PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION") ;;; #$hasBeliefSystems (#$isa #$hasBeliefSystems #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hasBeliefSystems #$IntelligentAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$hasBeliefSystems #$BeliefSystem) (#$comment #$hasBeliefSystems "(#$hasBeliefSystems AGT BSYS) means that the #$Agent AGT has the belief system BSYS. E.g., (#$hasBeliefSystems BorisYeltsin #$RussianOrthodoxReligion).") ;;; #$hasClimateType (#$isa #$hasClimateType #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hasClimateType #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$hasClimateType #$ClimateCycleType) (#$arg2Genl #$hasClimateType #$AnnualClimateCycle) (#$comment #$hasClimateType "The predicate #$hasClimateType is used to specify the type of climate that occurs in a particular region. (#$hasClimateType AREA CLIME) means that the climate in the #$GeographicalRegion AREA is of the #$ClimateCycleType CLIME; i.e., any individual annual cycle falls under the type CLIME. For example, to describe the climate of Houston, we would say: (#$hasClimateType #$CityOfHoustonTX #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle). See also #$ClimateCycleType, #$AnnualClimateCycle.") ;;; #$hasCommConvention (#$isa #$hasCommConvention #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hasCommConvention #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$hasCommConvention #$CommunicationConvention) (#$comment #$hasCommConvention "(#$hasCommConvention AGENT CONV) means that the agent AGENT knows the #$CommunicationConvention CONV and can use it to encode or decode information.") ;;; #$hasGender (#$isa #$hasGender #$FunctionalSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$hasGender #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$arg2Isa #$hasGender #$GenderOfLivingThing) (#$comment #$hasGender "(#$hasGender BLO SEX) means that the #$BiologicalLivingObject BLO is of the gender SEX.") ;;; #$hasHabitat (#$isa #$hasHabitat #$FunctionalSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$hasHabitat #$Organism-Whole) (#$arg2Isa #$hasHabitat #$EcologicalRegion) (#$comment #$hasHabitat "The predicate #$hasHabitat is used to relate an organism to the region where it lives. (#$hasHabitat ORG REGION) means that the organism ORG lives in the #$EcologicalRegion REGION. Typically, REGION will belong to one of the subsets of #$EcologicalRegion which represent specific biomes (e.g., #$Desert, #$CoralReef).") ;;; #$hasHeadquartersInCountry (#$isa #$hasHeadquartersInCountry #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hasHeadquartersInCountry #$Organization) (#$arg2Isa #$hasHeadquartersInCountry #$Country) (#$comment #$hasHeadquartersInCountry "The predicate #$hasHeadquartersInCountry identifies the country in which a particular organization has its headquarters. (#$hasHeadquartersInCountry ORG COUNTRY) means that the #$Organization ORG has its world-wide headquarters and place of primary central control in the #$Country COUNTRY.") ;;; #$hasLevels (#$isa #$hasLevels #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$hasLevels #$PartPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$hasLevels #$physicalParts) (#$arg1Isa #$hasLevels #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$arg2Isa #$hasLevels #$LevelOfAConstruction) (#$comment #$hasLevels "Levels which are part of this building") ;;; #$hasMembers (#$isa #$hasMembers #$TaxonomicSlot) (#$isa #$hasMembers #$SubProcessSlot) (#$isa #$hasMembers #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$hasMembers #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$hasMembers #$Organization) (#$arg2Isa #$hasMembers #$Agent) (#$comment #$hasMembers "The predicate #$hasMembers relates a particular organization to the agents which are members of that organization. This predicate indicates `generic' membership, although there may be specialized kinds of membership in the same organization. (#$hasMembers ORG AGENT) means that AGENT is a member of the #$Organization ORG; typically, membership elegibility is determined by ORG and accepted with AGENT's voluntary affiliation. For example, (#$hasMembers 'PeanutsBaseballTeam' #$CharlieBrown). A member may be any #$Agent, including other #$Organizations (such as member countries in the United Nations). The truth of an assertion made with #$hasMembers may be time-dependent and, if so, should be qualified appropriately. E.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1975) (#$hasMembers #$UnitedNationsOrganization #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina)) is true, but (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1995) (#$hasMembers #$UnitedNationsOrganization #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina)) is not.") ;;; #$hasOwnershipIn (#$isa #$hasOwnershipIn #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hasOwnershipIn #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$hasOwnershipIn #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$hasOwnershipIn "The predicate #$hasOwnershipIn relates a particular agent to some thing of which it has part or whole ownership. (#$hasOwnershipIn AGENT SOMETHING) means that the #$Agent AGENT owns a part (or possibly the whole) of the thing SOMETHING. For example, Ted Turner #$hasOwnershipIn Atlanta's Olympic Stadium. There may be other owners. See also #$legalOwnerOf and #$ownsShare.") ;;; #$hasPatients (#$not (#$isa #$hasPatients #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$hasPatients #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$hasPatients #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$hasPatients #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$hasPatients #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$hasPatients #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$hasPatients #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$hasPatients #$clients) (#$arg1Isa #$hasPatients #$MedicalCareProvider) (#$arg2Isa #$hasPatients #$Animal) (#$comment #$hasPatients "The predicate #$hasPatients represents a relationship between a medical professional and a patient (including nonhuman animals). (#$hasPatients MEDIC PATIENT) means that the #$MedicalCareProvider MEDIC is treating the recipient-of-care PATIENT. PATIENT may be a human or a nonhuman animal. An assertion using #$hasPatients holds only during the time that PATIENT has a condition that is being treated by MEDIC; it does not represent or imply a long term doctor-patient relationship.") ;;; #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes (#$isa #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes #$hasAttributes) (#$arg1Isa #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$arg2Isa #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes #$PhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes "(#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes ?BLO ?ATT) means that the #$BiologicalLivingObject ?BLO has the #$PhysiologicalAttribute ?ATT. #$PhysiologicalAttributes are concerned with the physiological functions of a living animal, especially with the physical and/or (bio)chemical basis of those functions. However, #$PhysiologicalAttributes need not be specified in scientific detail. Many common #$PhysiologicalAttributes permit commonsense inference about further features of an individual having a certain physiological state or condition. Note that many, perhaps most, assertions made with #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes will be time-dependent; e.g., an individual person is not #$SexuallyMature throughout his or her life, but only during a portion of it. Thus, it is necessary to make these assertions only about the appropriate temporal #$subAbstrac; one way to do that is by using #$holdsIn; e.g., (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1820) (#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes #$LudwigVanBeethoven #$Deaf)).") ;;; #$hasPortalToRegion (#$isa #$hasPortalToRegion #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$hasPortalToRegion #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$hasPortalToRegion #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$hasPortalToRegion #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$hasPortalToRegion "ARG1 is connected to ARG2 through some type of portal (e.g. #$hasPortalToRegion(MyMasterBedroom MyMaterBathroom))") ;;; #$hasPositionIn (#$isa #$hasPositionIn #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hasPositionIn #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$hasPositionIn #$Organization) (#$arg3Isa #$hasPositionIn #$PositionType) (#$comment #$hasPositionIn "The predicate #$hasPositionIn is used to relate a particular person to his or her position in a particular organization. (#$hasPositionIn PER ORG POS-TYPE) means that the #$Person PER works in the #$Organization ORG, in a position of type POS-TYPE. POS-TYPE may or may not specifically indicate PER's occupational field or training; that is, one individual occupying a position of #$Manager may be a #$MarketingPerson, while another is an #$ElectricalEngineer. In addition, POS-TYPE may or may not correspond to an official `Job Title' (cf. #$hasTitle) or be the primary occupation of PER. Contrast, e.g., (#$hasPositionIn JerryLewis MarchOfDimes #$Spokesman) with (#$hasPositionIn DellaStreet PerryMasonsLawOffice #$Secretary). Note that assertions using #$hasPositionIn should be properly time-constrained, for example with #$holdsIn.") ;;; #$hasPreparationAttributes (#$isa #$hasPreparationAttributes #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hasPreparationAttributes #$EdibleStuff) (#$arg2Isa #$hasPreparationAttributes #$PreparationAttribute) (#$comment #$hasPreparationAttributes "The predicate #$hasPreparationAttributes is used to indicate the way in which a particular food item was prepared. (#$hasPreparationAttributes EDIBLE PREP) means the #$EdibleStuff EDIBLE has been processed so that it has the food #$PreparationAttribute PREP (e.g., #$Cooked, #$Roasted, #$Chilled -- or #$Raw). For example, a piece of #$Toast #$hasPreparationAttributes #$Toasted; any quantity of #$Beer that is ready to drink #$hasPreparationAttributes #$Fermented.") ;;; #$hasRooms (#$isa #$hasRooms #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$hasRooms #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$hasRooms #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$hasRooms #$internalParts) (#$genlPreds #$hasRooms #$physicalParts) (#$genlPreds #$hasRooms #$containsCavity) (#$arg1Isa #$hasRooms #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$arg2Isa #$hasRooms #$SpaceInAHOC) (#$comment #$hasRooms "The predicate #$hasRooms allows us to say that a particular space is within a particular building. (#$hasRooms BUILD ROOM) means that ROOM is a room or demarcated space which is physically contained within BUILD, a #$ConstructionArtifact. ROOM is not removable from BUILD. Spaces that can be identified in this way include lobbies, hallways, kitchens, closets, dining rooms, gymnasia, studios, stairwells, bedrooms, etc.") ;;; #$hasSameEntityAs (#$isa #$hasSameEntityAs #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$hasSameEntityAs #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$hasSameEntityAs #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$hasSameEntityAs #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$genlInverse #$hasSameEntityAs #$hasSameEntityAs) (#$arg1Isa #$hasSameEntityAs #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg2Isa #$hasSameEntityAs #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$hasSameEntityAs "(#$hasSameEntityAs ?X ?Y) indicates that ?X and ?Y are both subabstractions of the same #$Entity. The unique #$myEntity of ?X is the same as the unique #$myEntity of ?Y. For instance, AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult and AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton are in this relationship.") ;;; #$hasTitle (#$isa #$hasTitle #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hasTitle #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$hasTitle #$Title) (#$arg3Isa #$hasTitle #$Organization) (#$comment #$hasTitle "The predicate #$hasTitle relates a person to a title that s/he holds in an organization. (#$hasTitle PER TITLE ORG) means that the #$Person PER has the #$Title TITLE in the #$Organization ORG. Elements of #$Title are linguistic objects usually related to positions or other qualifications that a person has. A person generally has a title only while actually holding the related position; e.g., (#$hasTitle #$Lenat #$PrincipalScientist-Title #$CycGroup) tells us Doug Lenat's title at the Cyc Project while under MCC's organizational structure. A noteworthy class of exceptions is #$CourtesyTitle (q.v.), which include forms of address such as `Mr.' and `Ms.', plus some titles which by courtesy the holders retain for life, such as (in the U.S.) `President' and military rank designations (e.g., officers retired from the armed services). Note: Elements of #$Title belong to the set #$LinguisticObject, while positions themselves are represented by persons (cf. #$PositionType). Cf. #$hasPositionIn.") ;;; #$hasWorkers (#$isa #$hasWorkers #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$hasWorkers #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$hasWorkers #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$hasWorkers #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$hasWorkers #$worksWith) (#$arg1Isa #$hasWorkers #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$hasWorkers #$Agent) (#$comment #$hasWorkers "The predicate #$hasWorkers relates an organization or individual agent to those who work for it in any capacity. (#$hasWorkers AGENT1 AGENT2) says that the second agent regularly works for the first agent. This includes employees, managers, soldiers, sailors, certain prison inmates, volunteers, apprentices, slaves, servants, sharecroppers, and indentured workers (as well as other organizations, e.g. subcontractors). The truth of an assertion made with #$hasWorkers is time-relative; e.g., (#$hasWorkers #$Cycorp #$Dexter) is true when asserted for the period (or any sub-period) from May 1989 to July 1994. Note that `workers' in the sense of #$hasWorkers need not be #$employees (e.g., they could be volunteers); cf. #$employees.") ;;; #$headquarters (#$isa #$headquarters #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$headquarters #$physicalQuarters) (#$arg1Isa #$headquarters #$Organization) (#$arg2Isa #$headquarters #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$headquarters "The predicate #$headquarters indicates the building(s) where a particular organization has its headquarters. (#$headquarters ORG BUILDING) means that BUILDING is the buildings, rooms, offices, etc., which house the main administrative and decision-making functions of the #$Organization ORG.") ;;; #$hears (#$isa #$hears #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$hears #$PerceivingSlot) (#$genlPreds #$hears #$perceives) (#$arg1Isa #$hears #$PerceptualAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$hears #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$hears "(#$hears AGT OBJ) means that the #$PerceptualAgent AGT percieves sounds emananating from or as the result of OBJ. Events such as the shooting of a gun and tangible objects such as telephones are things which can emit audible sound and thus be perceived auditorily. ") ;;; #$heightOfObject (#$isa #$heightOfObject #$PhysicalAmountSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$heightOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$heightOfObject #$Distance) (#$comment #$heightOfObject "(#$heightOfObject OBJ HEIGHT) means that the #$Distance from OBJ's top boundary to its bottom boundary is HEIGHT. Note that top and bottom are determined by an object's default orientation, if it has one (as do, e.g., people, houses, cars, trees); otherwise, by the orientation of the object in its environment.") ;;; #$hingedTo (#$not (#$isa #$hingedTo #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$hingedTo #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$hingedTo #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$hingedTo #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$hingedTo #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$hingedTo #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$isa #$hingedTo #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$hingedTo #$rotationallyConnectedTo) (#$genlInverse #$hingedTo #$hingedTo) (#$arg1Isa #$hingedTo #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$hingedTo #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$hingedTo "(#$hingedTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is some hinge connecting OBJ1 and OBJ2 which allows limited rotational motion between them. That is the only relative motion that can occur between them. The hinged pivoting motion may be repeated. #$hingedTo is noncommittal about whether the hinge is a distinct object or is part of OBJ1 or OBJ2. Some edge of OBJ1 adjoins an edge of OBJ2.") ;;; #$holdsIn (#$isa #$holdsIn #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$holdsIn #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$holdsIn #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$holdsIn "(#$holdsIn ?X ?P) means that the proposition ?P is true during the temporal extent of #$TemporalThing ?X. To represent `Nick owned Spot in 1992' we could create the appropriate cotemporal subabstractions of each, and assert (#$owns NickIn1992 SpotIn1992). More tersely, we could use #$holdsIn and simply assert (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), since #$holdsIn implicitly treats instances of #$SomethingExisting as their appropriate temporal subabstractions. Alternatively, we could create a context (a microtheory) one of whose assumptions was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding during 1992, and then in that context we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the #$BaseKB --- i.e., devoid of context --- since Nick as a baby and Nick as an old man didn't/won't own Spot.") ;;; #$hostOfEvent (#$isa #$hostOfEvent #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$hostOfEvent #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$hostOfEvent #$socialParticipants) (#$arg1Isa #$hostOfEvent #$SocialGathering) (#$arg2Isa #$hostOfEvent #$Agent) (#$comment #$hostOfEvent "(#$hostOfEvent GATHERING AGENT) means that AGENT is a host and sponsor of the #$SocialGathering GATHERING.") ;;; #$hungerLevelOf (#$isa #$hungerLevelOf #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$hungerLevelOf #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$hungerLevelOf #$LevelOfHunger) (#$arg2Isa #$hungerLevelOf #$Animal) (#$comment #$hungerLevelOf "The predicate #$hungerLevelOf is used to express how hungry an #$Animal is. The first argument is a #$LevelOfHunger (q.v.): for instance, #$Hungry, #$Starving, #$Stuffed. The second argument is the #$Animal who feels hunger at this level.") (#$comment #$hungerLevelOf "Just what it says") ;;; #$iboCreated (#$isa #$iboCreated #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$iboCreated #$ibtGenerated) (#$genlPreds #$iboCreated #$informationDestination) (#$genlPreds #$iboCreated #$outputsCreated) (#$arg1Isa #$iboCreated #$IBOCreation) (#$arg2Isa #$iboCreated #$InformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$iboCreated "The predicate #$iboCreated is used to link a particular information bearing object (IBO) to the event in which it is created. (#$iboCreated CREATION IBO) means that the #$InformationBearingObject IBO is created in the event CREATION. For example, my copy of today's `Austin American-Statesman' morning paper was created during the previous night's paper-publishing event.") ;;; #$ibtGenerated (#$isa #$ibtGenerated #$Role) (#$isa #$ibtGenerated #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$ibtGenerated #$IBTGeneration) (#$arg2Isa #$ibtGenerated #$InformationBearingThing) (#$comment #$ibtGenerated "The predicate #$ibtGenerated is used to link a particular information bearing thing (IBT) to the event in which it is created. (#$ibtGenerated GEN IBT) means that the #$InformationBearingThing IBT comes about, happens, or comes into existence in or as an immediate consequence of the event GEN.") ;;; #$ibtHasInfoAbout (#$not (#$isa #$ibtHasInfoAbout #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$ibtHasInfoAbout #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$ibtHasInfoAbout #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$ibtHasInfoAbout #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$ibtHasInfoAbout #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$ibtHasInfoAbout #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$ibtHasInfoAbout #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$ibtHasInfoAbout #$InformationBearingThing) (#$arg2Isa #$ibtHasInfoAbout #$Thing) (#$comment #$ibtHasInfoAbout "(#$ibtHasInfoAbout ?IBT ?THING) means that the #$InformationBearingThing ?IBT is generally 'about' ?THING -- which may be any #$Thing at all. This is a very general notion of aboutness, which does not require that ?THING be explicitly named in ?IBT, nor that it be the main topic.") ;;; #$identicalInAttribute (#$isa #$identicalInAttribute #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$identicalInAttribute #$Thing) (#$arg2Isa #$identicalInAttribute #$Thing) (#$arg3Isa #$identicalInAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$identicalInAttribute "(#$identicalInAttribute THING1 THING2 ATTRIBUTE) means that the two things THING1 and THING2 have the same values of the #$AttributeType ATTRIBUTE. Here 'the same' means complete identity or very close resemblance -- what this means, and what the standard of closeness or identity is, depends on the context, but #$identicalInAttribute and #$differentInAttribute cannot both be correctly asserted of the same two things. See also #$resemblesInAttribute, and #$differentInAttribute.") ;;; #$illuminationLevel (#$isa #$illuminationLevel #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$illuminationLevel #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$illuminationLevel #$LightIntensity) (#$comment #$illuminationLevel "(#$illuminationLevel LOC DEGREE) indicates how brightly illuminated the location LOC is. Higher values of DEGREE mean greater light intensity.") ;;; #$implies (#$isa #$implies #$LogicalConnective) (#$isa #$implies #$Relationship) (#$arg1Isa #$implies #$CycFormula) (#$arg2Isa #$implies #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$implies "The predicate #$implies represents the material implication relation in Cyc. #$implies is a logical connective taking two arguments, each of which must be an element of #$CycFormula. (#$implies ANTE CONSEQ) means that whenever the formula ANTE is true, the formula CONSEQ must also be true; in other words, it is not the case that ANTE is true while CONSEQ is false. Cyc assertions that begin with #$implies are used during inference, both in modus ponens and modus tollens.") ;;; #$in-Among (#$isa #$in-Among #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$in-Among #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-Among #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$in-Among #$objectFoundInLocation) (#$arg1Isa #$in-Among #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$in-Among #$Group) (#$comment #$in-Among "(#$in-Among OBJ GROUP) means that the tangible thing OBJ is physically located within the spatial cluster GROUP, which is composed of individuals. OBJ may (but need not) be a member of GROUP. OBJ is spatially distinct from any (other) member of GROUP; cf. #$spatiallyIntersects. Examples: a bird in the branches of a tree; a zebra in its herd; a flea in a dog's pelt; a bee in a swarm of bees; a snake in the grass.") ;;; #$in-ContClosed (#$isa #$in-ContClosed #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContClosed #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$in-ContClosed #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContClosed #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContClosed #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-ContClosed #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$in-ContClosed #$in-ContGeneric) (#$genlInverse #$in-ContClosed #$surroundsCompletely) (#$arg1Isa #$in-ContClosed #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$in-ContClosed #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-ContClosed "(#$in-ContClosed OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained in CONT and cannot leave CONT unless CONT opens or breaks, or OBJ is broken into pieces small enough to escape from CONT. Examples: water in a bottle; CD in a CD case; food in a plastic zip bag; books in a backpack; spare tire in the trunk. In order for a relation to count as #$in-ContClosed, the container must have a portal, even though that portal is closed while this relation holds. So, for example, it is NOT proper to use #$in-ContClosed to say that an egg is in its eggshell, or that a brain is in its skull. See also #$Portal.") ;;; #$in-ContFullOf (#$isa #$in-ContFullOf #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$in-ContFullOf #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$in-ContFullOf #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$in-ContFullOf #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContFullOf #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContFullOf #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-ContFullOf #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$in-ContFullOf #$touchesDirectly) (#$genlPreds #$in-ContFullOf #$in-ContGeneric) (#$arg1Isa #$in-ContFullOf #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$in-ContFullOf #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-ContFullOf "(#$in-ContFullOf STUFF CONT) means that STUFF is the substance that fills CONT. STUFF is unique in that it is the only substance that `fills' CONT, even though other things may be with it in CONT (e.g., as #$in-ContGeneric). Filling the container means that the inside surface of CONT touches the filling STUFF at virtually all points of CONT's inner surface, rather than touching whatever stuff CONT itself is immersed in and which CONT's outside surface touches (e.g., air). The only thing which can override this #$touches (i.e., get alongside CONT's inside wall without being STUFF) would be some other object which is also in CONT (e.g., with #$in-ContGeneric). In order to fill the container, STUFF must be #$Pourable or have a shape which conforms to the shape of CONT's cavity. Cf. #$in-ContGeneric to cover cases of stuff which is in a container without filling it. ") ;;; #$in-ContGeneric (#$isa #$in-ContGeneric #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContGeneric #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContGeneric #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContGeneric #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$in-ContGeneric #$objectFoundInLocation) (#$genlPreds #$in-ContGeneric #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$in-ContGeneric #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$in-ContGeneric #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-ContGeneric "(#$in-ContGeneric OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained, confined, or held in CONT. CONT may be open or closed. See also #$in-ContOpen, #$in-ContClosed, #$in-ContFullOf, #$inRegion.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$in-ContGeneric #$SENSUS-Information1997 "CONTAINED") ;;; #$in-ContOpen (#$isa #$in-ContOpen #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContOpen #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$in-ContOpen #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContOpen #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ContOpen #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-ContOpen #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$in-ContOpen #$in-ContGeneric) (#$arg1Isa #$in-ContOpen #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$in-ContOpen #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-ContOpen "(#$in-ContOpen OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained in CONT -- CONT confines or holds OBJ in -- but OBJ can be removed from CONT without having to open any portals in CONT. In gravity fields, CONT is right-side-up, and if CONT is turned over, OBJ will fall out. Cf. #$in-ContClosed.") ;;; #$in-Embedded (#$not (#$isa #$in-Embedded #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$in-Embedded #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$in-Embedded #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$in-Embedded #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$in-Embedded #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$in-Embedded #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-Embedded #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$in-Embedded #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-Embedded #$connectedTo) (#$genlPreds #$in-Embedded #$touchesDirectly) (#$genlPreds #$in-Embedded #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$in-Embedded #$objectFoundInLocation) (#$arg1Isa #$in-Embedded #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$in-Embedded #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-Embedded "(#$in-Embedded OBJ1 OBJ2) means that some portion of OBJ1 is embedded in OBJ2 at least semi-permanently. OBJ1 is thus #$connectedTo OBJ2. The remaining portion of OBJ1 is not embedded in OBJ2. In many cases, an #$in-Embedded relationship comes about during the formation of OBJ1 or OBJ2. Examples: grass in the ground, hair in the scalp, or eyes in sockets.") ;;; #$in-Floating (#$isa #$in-Floating #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-Floating #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-Floating #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-Floating #$in-ImmersedPartly) (#$genlPreds #$in-Floating #$above-Touching) (#$arg1Isa #$in-Floating #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$in-Floating #$LiquidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-Floating "(#$in-Floating OBJ LIQUID) means that OBJ is floating in LIQUID. Thus, OBJ is buoyant and is #$in-ImmersedPartly in LIQUID.") ;;; #$in-Held (#$not (#$isa #$in-Held #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$in-Held #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$in-Held #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-Held #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-Held #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$in-Held #$in-ContGeneric) (#$genlPreds #$in-Held #$touches) (#$arg1Isa #$in-Held #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$in-Held #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-Held "(#$in-Held OBJ HOLDER) means that OBJ is being held or restrained by HOLDER, which is applying pressure to OBJ. HOLDER #$touches OBJ. HOLDER may be either a #$deviceUsed or an #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected in an instance of #$HoldingAnObject; OBJ would be the #$objectActedOn by that holding.") ;;; #$in-ImmersedFully (#$isa #$in-ImmersedFully #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ImmersedFully #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ImmersedFully #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ImmersedFully #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ImmersedFully #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$not (#$isa #$in-ImmersedFully #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$in-ImmersedFully #$objectFoundInLocation) (#$genlPreds #$in-ImmersedFully #$in-ImmersedGeneric) (#$genlPreds #$in-ImmersedFully #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$in-ImmersedFully #$surroundsCompletely) (#$arg1Isa #$in-ImmersedFully #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$in-ImmersedFully #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$in-ImmersedFully "(#$in-ImmersedFully OBJ FLUID) means that FLUID is the unique fluid in which OBJ is completely immersed. Thus, as a default inference, every outside surface region of OBJ #$touches FLUID. E.g., (live) fish are fully immersed in water, and people are usually immersed in air (even though the bottoms of their feet touch the ground and not the air). Examples like air bubbles in water or mercury globules immersed in air suggest that the #$arg1Isa should be kept general, i.e., #$PartiallyTangible rather than #$SolidTangibleThing.") ;;; #$in-ImmersedGeneric (#$isa #$in-ImmersedGeneric #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ImmersedGeneric #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ImmersedGeneric #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-ImmersedGeneric #$touches) (#$genlInverse #$in-ImmersedGeneric #$surroundsHorizontally) (#$arg1Isa #$in-ImmersedGeneric #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$in-ImmersedGeneric #$FluidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-ImmersedGeneric "(#$in-ImmersedGeneric OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is immersed in FLUID. #$in-ImmersedGeneric is noncomittal as to whether OBJ is completely or partially immersed. But FLUID #$touches OBJ and conforms to a significant portion of the surface of OBJ. See also #$in-ImmersedFully, #$in-ImmersedPartly.") ;;; #$in-ImmersedPartly (#$isa #$in-ImmersedPartly #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ImmersedPartly #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ImmersedPartly #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-ImmersedPartly #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-ImmersedPartly #$in-ImmersedGeneric) (#$arg1Isa #$in-ImmersedPartly #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$in-ImmersedPartly #$FluidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-ImmersedPartly "(#$in-ImmersedPartly OBJ FLUID) means that a portion of OBJ is immersed in FLUID, but OBJ is not completely surrounded by FLUID. In gravitational fields, #$in-ImmersedPartly entails #$surroundsHorizontally, because in that context fluid surfaces are of generally #$HorizontalOrientation.") ;;; #$in-Lodged (#$isa #$in-Lodged #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) ;;; #$in-Permeates (#$isa #$in-Permeates #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-Permeates #$objectFoundInLocation) (#$arg1Isa #$in-Permeates #$LiquidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$in-Permeates #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-Permeates "(#$in-Permeates LIQUID SOLID) means that LIQUID permeates SOLID. LIQUID must be separable from SOLID by physical, not chemical means. If LIQUID is not a constituent (see #$constituents) of SOLID, then SOLID is porous (see #$Porous). Exemplars include water permeating a wet sponge, oil soaking a sponge, or water in soil. Negative exemplars include vapor suspended in air (see, e.g. #$suspendingFluid or #$solute) . Other negative exemplars include liquids which undergoe a chemical change and combine with some other substance, e.g. water which becomes a chemical part of plant material in photosynthesis.") ;;; #$in-Snugly (#$not (#$isa #$in-Snugly #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$in-Snugly #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$in-Snugly #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$in-Snugly #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$in-Snugly #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$in-Snugly #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-Snugly #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$in-Snugly #$touches) (#$genlPreds #$in-Snugly #$in-ContGeneric) (#$arg1Isa #$in-Snugly #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$in-Snugly #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-Snugly "The #$BinaryPredicate (#$in-Snugly ?INNER ?OUTER) means that ?INNER is #$in-ContGeneric ?OUTER, that ?INNER #$touches ?OUTER, and that a #$FrictionProcess would be necessary for a #$RemovingSomething in which ?INNER is the #$objectMoving and ?OUTER is the #$fromLocation.") ;;; #$in-Spiked (#$not (#$isa #$in-Spiked #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$in-Spiked #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$in-Spiked #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$in-Spiked #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$in-Spiked #$in-Lodged) (#$genlPreds #$in-Spiked #$in-Embedded) (#$genlPreds #$in-Spiked #$connectedTo-Rigidly) (#$arg1Isa #$in-Spiked #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$arg2Isa #$in-Spiked #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$in-Spiked "(#$in-Spiked OBJ REG) means that an object, OBJ, is spiked into another object, REG, in the way that nails, push pins, needles, and other pointed objects stick into other objects. Thus, OBJ must be #$LongAndThin and must be harder than REG. Typically, the rigid connection between REG and OBJ can support forces substantially greater than the weight of OBJ.") ;;; #$inFrontOf-Directly (#$not (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Directly #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Directly #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Directly #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Directly #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Directly #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Directly #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$inFrontOf-Directly #$inFrontOf-Generally) (#$arg1Isa #$inFrontOf-Directly #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$inFrontOf-Directly #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$inFrontOf-Directly "(#$inFrontOf-Directly FORE AFT) means that FORE is directly in front of AFT. More precisely, it implies both (#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) and that there is at least one line parallel to the forward pointing axis of AFT that intersects both FORE and AFT.") ;;; #$inFrontOf-Generally (#$not (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Generally #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Generally #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Generally #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Generally #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Generally #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inFrontOf-Generally #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$inFrontOf-Generally #$near) (#$arg1Isa #$inFrontOf-Generally #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$inFrontOf-Generally #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$inFrontOf-Generally "(#$inFrontOf-Generally FORE AFT) means that the tangible object FORE is in front of the tangible object AFT. More precisely, the intrinsic back-to-front axis of AFT is within 45 degrees of some line intersecting both FORE and AFT.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$inFrontOf-Generally #$SENSUS-Information1997 "FACING") ;;; #$inPlane (#$isa #$inPlane #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inPlane #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$inPlane #$spatiallyIntersects) (#$arg1Isa #$inPlane #$SpatialThing) (#$arg2Isa #$inPlane #$Surface-Abstract) (#$comment #$inPlane "(#$inPlane OBJ SURFACE) means that OBJ spatially intersects with the #$FlatSurface SURFACE.") ;;; #$inRegion (#$isa #$inRegion #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inRegion #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inRegion #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$inRegion #$SpatialThing) (#$arg2Isa #$inRegion #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$inRegion "(#$inRegion OBJECT AREA) means that all points in OBJECT are found within the boundaries of AREA, which is another spatial thing (of which OBJECT may or may not be a part). OBJECT is totally included spatially within the region demarcated by AREA. Note, regarding whether OBJECT is a part of AREA: Two subordinate, but contrasting, predicates are #$physicalDecompositions (a #$genlInverse of #$inRegion) and #$objectFoundInLocation (a #$genlPreds of #$inRegion). (1) OBJECT is a #$physicalDecompositions of AREA if the set of points occupied by OBJECT is a subset of the points actually occupied by AREA; i.e., OBJECT is spatially a part of AREA. (2) On the other hand, if OBJECT is merely present in AREA, but is not a part of it, then #$objectFoundInLocation applies.") ;;; #$includedItems (#$isa #$includedItems #$PartPredicate) (#$isa #$includedItems #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$includedItems #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$includedItems #$parts) (#$arg1Isa #$includedItems #$FormalProduct) (#$arg2Isa #$includedItems #$Individual) (#$comment #$includedItems "The predicate #$includedItems is used to identify the peripheral items that come with a particular packaged product. (#$includedItems FORM ITEM) means that the #$Individual ITEM is one of the things that are included in the #$FormalProduct FORM, along with its #$mainProduct; but ITEM is not the main product itself. ITEM can be an accessory, owner's manual, warranty agreement, or included service. ITEM is something that is a regular part of the package. ITEM does NOT refer to free samples or extras thrown in--for that, see #$includesWithProductType.") ;;; #$includesWithProductType (#$isa #$includesWithProductType #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$includesWithProductType #$CommercialOrganization) (#$arg2Isa #$includesWithProductType #$ProductType) (#$arg2Genl #$includesWithProductType #$Product) (#$arg3Isa #$includesWithProductType #$ProductType) (#$arg3Genl #$includesWithProductType #$Product) (#$comment #$includesWithProductType "The predicate #$includesWithProductType is used to specify `extras' that a particular seller includes with a specific product. (#$includesWithProductType SELLER MAINTYPE EXTRATYPE) means that the #$CommercialOrganization SELLER provides an item of the #$ProductType EXTRATYPE free of charge to its customers who purchase a product of #$ProductType MAINTYPE. For example, to say that Ernie's Garage provides towing free with a car repair, we could say (#$includesWithProductType ErniesGarage #$CarRepairing #$TowingAnAutomobile).") ;;; #$income (#$isa #$income #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$income #$Agent) (#$arg2Isa #$income #$MonetaryFlowRate) (#$comment #$income "The predicate #$income is used to state the income of a person or other agent. (#$income AGT RATE) means that the #$Agent AGT has the income RATE, where RATE is a #$MonetaryFlowRate, e.g., a number of #$DollarsPerHour or #$DollarsPerYear. See #$MonetaryFlowRate.") ;;; #$infectingOrganism (#$isa #$infectingOrganism #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$infectingOrganism #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$infectingOrganism #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$infectingOrganism #$preActors) (#$arg1Isa #$infectingOrganism #$Infection) (#$arg2Isa #$infectingOrganism #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$infectingOrganism "This predicate relates a particular instance of #$Infection to an organism which causes that infection. (#$infectingOrganism INFECT ORG) means that the organism ORG is one of the causes of the infection INFECT. For example, if INFECT is a case of #$StrepThroat, then ORG is an instance of #$Streptococcus. I.e., (#$forAll ?x (#$forAll ?y (#$implies (#$and (#$isa ?x #$StrepThroat) (#$infectingOrganism ?x ?y)) (#$isa ?y #$Streptococcus)))) ") ;;; #$infectionHost (#$isa #$infectionHost #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$infectionHost #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$infectionHost #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$infectionHost #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$infectionHost #$bodilyDoer) (#$arg1Isa #$infectionHost #$Infection) (#$arg2Isa #$infectionHost #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$infectionHost "This predicate relates a particular case of #$Infection to the organism it is infecting. (#$infectionHost INF ORG) means that INF is an #$Infection in which the host organism is ORG.") ;;; #$infinitive (#$isa #$infinitive #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$infinitive #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$infinitive #$EnglishWord) (#$arg2Isa #$infinitive #$CharacterString) (#$comment #$infinitive "(#$infinitive WORD STRING) means that STRING is the infinitive verb form of WORD. For example, `to hit' is the infinitive form of #$Hit-TheWord.") ;;; #$infoAdded (#$isa #$infoAdded #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$infoAdded #$Role) (#$genlPreds #$infoAdded #$infoTransferred) (#$arg1Isa #$infoAdded #$InformationUpdating) (#$arg2Isa #$infoAdded #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$infoAdded "(#$infoAdded CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was added to the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on.") ;;; #$infoContributed (#$isa #$infoContributed #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$infoContributed #$MultiDirectionalCommunication) (#$arg2Isa #$infoContributed #$Agent) (#$arg3Isa #$infoContributed #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$comment #$infoContributed "The predicate #$infoContributed is used to identify which agent said what in a particular complex communication activity. (#$infoContributed MULTICOM AGENT INFO) means that in the #$MultiDirectionalCommunication event MULTICOM, AGENT does something that expresses INFO. Note that speaking, writing, or otherwise signalling are all viable methods of `saying'. The (unspecified) thing that AGENT does in MULTICOM generates the message, and INFO is a propositional item expressing the content of AGENT's message. See also #$PropositionalInformationThing and #$IBTGeneration.") ;;; #$infoRemoved (#$isa #$infoRemoved #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$infoRemoved #$Role) (#$genlPreds #$infoRemoved #$infoTransferred) (#$arg1Isa #$infoRemoved #$InformationUpdating) (#$arg2Isa #$infoRemoved #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$infoRemoved "(#$infoRemoved CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was removed from the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on.") ;;; #$infoTransferred (#$isa #$infoTransferred #$Role) (#$isa #$infoTransferred #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$infoTransferred #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$infoTransferred #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$infoTransferred "The predicate #$infoTransferred is used to indicate the propositional content of a particular transferral of information. (#$infoTransferred TRANSFER INFO) means that INFO is information that is transferred due to the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. INFO originates from some agent or IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing). After TRANSFER, INFO is contained in another IBT or agent; INFO may persist in the source as well. For example, when I read the front page of the newspaper, some information about current world events is transferred from the newspaper to me. See also #$informationOrigin, #$informationDestination.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$infoTransferred #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SAYING") ;;; #$informStatement (#$isa #$informStatement #$MicrotheoryPredicate) (#$isa #$informStatement #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$informStatement #$ist-Information) (#$arg1Isa #$informStatement #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$arg2Isa #$informStatement #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$informStatement "(#$informStatement ?MT ?PROP) means that the #$CycFormula ?PROP is true in the information context ?MT. (An information context here usually means a particular database application of #$Cyc. In these applications, ?PROP is communicated to #$Cyc directly as an explicit #$informStatement, and is not inferred to be true.) Note that (#$informStatement ?mt ?clpe) implies that (#$ist ?mt ?clpe).") ;;; #$informationDestination (#$isa #$informationDestination #$Role) (#$isa #$informationDestination #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$informationDestination #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$informationDestination #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$informationDestination "The predicate #$informationDestination is used to indicate where information is transferred in a particular information transfer event. (#$informationDestination TRANSFER DEST) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER, the information being transferred is sent, given to, or impressed upon DEST. DEST is an IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note that if DEST is an agent, you should probably use the more specific actor slot, #$recipientOfInfo. Note also that if DEST existed before the transfer, it may have already contained the information.") ;;; #$informationOrigin (#$isa #$informationOrigin #$Role) (#$isa #$informationOrigin #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$informationOrigin #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$informationOrigin #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$informationOrigin "The predicate #$informationOrigin is used to indicate the source of information for a particular communication event. (#$informationOrigin TRANSFER ORIGIN) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER, the information being transferred is coming from ORIGIN. ORIGIN is either an IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note that if ORIGIN still exists past the transfer, it presumably still contains the information.") ;;; #$ingredients (#$isa #$ingredients #$CompositionPredicate) (#$isa #$ingredients #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$ingredients #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$ingredients #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$ingredients #$physicalDecompositions) (#$arg1Isa #$ingredients #$Artifact) (#$arg2Isa #$ingredients #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$ingredients "The predicate #$ingredients is used to indicate a particular input used to make a particular artifact. (#$ingredients ART INGR) means that the #$PartiallyTangible thing INGR was one of the #$inputs to the creation of the #$Artifact ART, and INGR is one of ART's #$physicalDecompositions. Note that #$ingredients applies only to those inputs which retain their identity in the creation process and which are incorporated into the resulting #$Artifact. For example, a meatball can be considered an ingredient of a plate of spaghetti, and a portion of ground beef can be considered an ingredient of the meatball. On the other hand, we would not say that an egg is an ingredient of the meatball, even though it was an input to the creation process, because its identity was not preserved.") ;;; #$inhabitantTypes (#$isa #$inhabitantTypes #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$isa #$inhabitantTypes #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$inhabitantTypes #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$inhabitantTypes #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg2Genl #$inhabitantTypes #$Person) (#$comment #$inhabitantTypes "The predicate #$inhabitantTypes is used to indicate the type(s) of people who live in a region. (#$inhabitantTypes REGION TYPE) means that TYPE is (one of) the (primary) type(s) of people who live in the #$GeographicalRegion REGION. For example, to say that Chileans are among the primary groups of inhabitants of Chile, we assert (#$inhabitantTypes #$Chile #$ChileanPerson). TYPE may be based on ethnicity, nationality, age, economics--in short, any demographic class. E.g., (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$AdultMiddleClassAmerican), (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$WorkingAdultAmericanWoman), (#$inhabitantTypes #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$MexicanImmigrantToUSA).") ;;; #$inputs (#$isa #$inputs #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inputs #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$inputs #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$inputs #$preActors) (#$genlPreds #$inputs #$startsAfterStartingOf) (#$genlPreds #$inputs #$objectActedOn) (#$arg1Isa #$inputs #$CreationOrDestructionEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$inputs #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$inputs "The predicate #$inputs relates a particular event to things which are `inputs', i.e., materials used in that event and somehow altered by it. (#$inputs EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT is an input to the #$CreationOrDestructionEvent EVENT. During and due to the event, OBJECT is either destroyed or incorporated into a new entity. For example, the pigments used to paint the Mona Lisa were #$inputs to Leonardo's painting process; however, his brushes were not #$inputs, even though they were changed a little by it. In general, in instances of #$Manufacturing, materials or objects are inputs if they find their way into the product manufactured, or if they are destroyed -- such as the coke used in manufacturing steel -- as part of that manufacturing process. Note: One should use the specialized predicates #$inputsDestroyed or #$inputsCommitted whenever they are appropriate, rather than the more general predicate #$inputs.") ;;; #$inputsCommitted (#$isa #$inputsCommitted #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inputsCommitted #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$inputsCommitted #$commitsForFutureUses) (#$genlPreds #$inputsCommitted #$inputs) (#$genlPreds #$inputsCommitted #$postActors) (#$arg1Isa #$inputsCommitted #$CreationEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$inputsCommitted #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$inputsCommitted "The predicate #$inputsCommitted is used when some #$inputs to a particular event is incorporated into some #$outputs of that event, but remains recognizable rather than being destroyed. (#$inputsCommitted EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists before EVENT and continues to exist afterwards, and as a result of EVENT, OBJECT becomes incorporated into something created during EVENT. For example, bricks that are used to build a house continue to exist as bricks once the house has been built. (See also #$outputsCreated.) Note: there is a grey area between #$inputsCommitted and #$inputsDestroyed; the less possible it is to take apart the relevant #$outputs of EVENT and get OBJECT back as an independent thing, the more likely it is that the relationship between EVENT and OBJECT should be #$inputsDestroyed, rather than #$inputsCommitted.") ;;; #$inputsDestroyed (#$isa #$inputsDestroyed #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inputsDestroyed #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$inputsDestroyed #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inputsDestroyed #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$inputsDestroyed #$inputs) (#$genlPreds #$inputsDestroyed #$endsAfterEndingOf) (#$genlInverse #$inputsDestroyed #$endsDuring) (#$arg1Isa #$inputsDestroyed #$DestructionEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$inputsDestroyed #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$inputsDestroyed "The predicate #$inputsDestroyed is used to relate a particular event to the items which are destroyed by it. (#$inputsDestroyed EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT exists before EVENT, is affected by EVENT, and due to that involvement, ends its existence as an #$Entity sometime during EVENT. OBJECT may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in EVENT.") ;;; #$insIsJobOf (#$isa #$insIsJobOf #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$insIsJobOf #$TypePredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$insIsJobOf #$ScriptType) (#$arg2Isa #$insIsJobOf #$Professional) (#$comment #$insIsJobOf "The predicate #$insIsJobOf indicates a type of work done by a particular individual. (#$insIsJobOf SCRIPT-TYPE PER) means that the person PER performs instances of SCRIPT-TYPE as part of his or her job. E.g., #$KeithRichards performs instances of #$WritingMusic as part of his work; #$Goolsbey performs instances of #$ProgrammingAComputer in his job at Cycorp; a #$SecurityGuard performs instances of #$ProtectingSomething. Note that assertions using #$insIsJobOf are true for some specific period of time, which may be indicated with #$holdsIn.") ;;; #$instrument-Container (#$isa #$instrument-Container #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$instrument-Container #$instrument-Generic) (#$arg1Isa #$instrument-Container #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$instrument-Container #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$instrument-Container "(#$instrument-Container ?EVENT ?CONT) means that the #$objectActedOn in ?EVENT is contained in (#$in-ContGeneric) ?CONT during ?EVENT, and that ?CONT facilitates ?EVENT being accomplished.") ;;; #$instrument-Generic (#$isa #$instrument-Generic #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$instrument-Generic #$actors) (#$arg1Isa #$instrument-Generic #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$instrument-Generic #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$instrument-Generic "The predicate #$instrument-Generic is used to link a particular event to any of the objects which play an instrumental role in it. (#$instrument-Generic EVENT OBJECT) means that OBJECT plays an intermediate causal role in EVENT, facilitating its occurrence and serving some purpose of some #$Agent. This can happen in at least two ways: a. the `doer' of EVENT acts on OBJECT, which in turn acts on something else (as when someone uses a hammer to pound in a nail) or b. the `doer' of EVENT acts on something, making it possible for OBJECT to act on that thing (as when someone puts wet clothes out in the sun to dry). Typically, an #$instrument-Generic is not significantly altered by playing that role in an event. #$deviceUsed is an important specialization predicate of #$instrument-Generic.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$instrument-Generic #$SENSUS-Information1997 "INSTRUMENTAL") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$instrument-Generic #$SENSUS-Information1997 "INSTRUMENT") ;;; #$intangibleComponent (#$not (#$isa #$intangibleComponent #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$intangibleComponent #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$intangibleComponent #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$intangibleComponent #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$intangibleComponent #$parts) (#$arg1Isa #$intangibleComponent #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject) (#$arg2Isa #$intangibleComponent #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$comment #$intangibleComponent "(#$intangibleComponent WHOLE PART) means that PART is the intangible part of the #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject WHOLE.") ;;; #$intendedAudience (#$isa #$intendedAudience #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$intendedAudience #$InformationBearingThing) (#$arg2Isa #$intendedAudience #$Agent) (#$comment #$intendedAudience "The predicate #$intendedAudience indicates an individual who is the intended recipient of the information in a particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing). (intendedAudience IBT AGT) means that the #$InformationBearingThing IBT has the individual #$Agent AGT as its intended audience--viewer, reader, listener, etc. AGT (possibly along with other agents) is an individual who is supposed to access the information represented in IBT. For example, the #$intendedAudience of a personal letter is usually its addressee.") ;;; #$intendedAudienceType (#$isa #$intendedAudienceType #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$intendedAudienceType #$AbstractInformation) (#$arg2Isa #$intendedAudienceType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg2Genl #$intendedAudienceType #$Agent) (#$comment #$intendedAudienceType "The predicate #$intendedAudienceType indicates the type of agents who are the intended recipients of the information in a particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing). (#$intendedAudienceType PIT TYPE) means that agents who are elements of TYPE are in the intended audience of the particular #$PropositionalInformationThing PIT. Examples: the #$intendedAudienceType for the information in a copy of `AMA Journal' is the collection of American physicians; the #$intendedAudienceType of TV commercials for sugary packaged cereals are those members of #$HumanChild living in the broadcast area.") ;;; #$intendedBehaviorCapable (#$isa #$intendedBehaviorCapable #$TernaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$intendedBehaviorCapable #$behaviorCapable) (#$arg1Isa #$intendedBehaviorCapable #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg2Isa #$intendedBehaviorCapable #$Collection) (#$arg2Genl #$intendedBehaviorCapable #$Situation) (#$arg3Isa #$intendedBehaviorCapable #$Role) (#$comment #$intendedBehaviorCapable "The predicate #$intendedBehaviorCapable is used to describe ways in which an object was designed to function. (#$intendedBehaviorCapable OBJ SITTYPE ROLE) means that the individual, OBJ, was designed to serve as a ROLE in situations or events of type SITTYPE. For example, a #$LandTransportationDevice such as an automobile is intended to serve the #$vehicle role in instances of (#$TransportViaFn #$LandTransportationDevice); an element of #$Sphygmomanometer is intended to serve as the #$deviceUsed in instances of #$SystolicBloodPressureTest; an element of #$RestArea is intended to be where a #$Resting-Relaxing #$eventOccursAt. A thing may be able to play the same kind of ROLE in different kinds of situations; e.g., an element of #$StoveTopCookingPot can be the #$instrument-Container in either #$BoilingFood or #$SteamingFood events. Or something may serve more than one function; e.g., a #$VacuumCleaner serves both as the #$deviceUsed in instances of #$Vacuuming and (in virtue of its #$VacuumDustBag) as the #$instrument-Container.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$intendedBehaviorCapable #$SENSUS-Information1997 "USE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION") ;;; #$intendedForUseBy (#$isa #$intendedForUseBy #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$intendedForUseBy #$Product) (#$arg2Isa #$intendedForUseBy #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg2Genl #$intendedForUseBy #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$intendedForUseBy "(#$intendedForUseBy PROD TYPE) means that the #$Product PROD is intended to be used by individuals of the #$ExistingObjectType TYPE, where TYPE must be a subset of #$Organism-Whole. E.g., many types of products are only for use by adults, by women, by dogs, etc. Note: This is a good example of a predicate which is redundant but useful. `Redundant' means that any assertion one states using #$intendedForUseBy could be stated, albeit less tersely, using other, more basic predicates in the KB, in this case #$intends and #$usesObject. Often, a huge number of axioms can be drastically shortened by introducing such a redundant predicate, and writing axioms that define it in terms of the more-basic predicates.") ;;; #$intends (#$isa #$intends #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$intends #$IntelligentAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$intends #$CycFormula) (#$comment #$intends "(#$intends AGT PROP) means that the #$Agent AGT intends the proposition PROP (represented by a #$CycFormula) to become (or remain) true. This predicate is obviously similar to #$goals (q.v.), but PROP is likely to be more short-lived (at least as far as the agent's intending) and more event-centered (`I did it because I intended that...') and more mechanically satisfied (`I intend to turn off the lamp') than any of the agent's goals. You may intend to turn off the lamp, but it would be odd to call that one of your goals.") ;;; #$interArgIsa1-2 (#$isa #$interArgIsa1-2 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$isa #$interArgIsa1-2 #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$interArgIsa1-2 #$RuleMacroPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa1-2 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa1-2 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa1-2 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa1-2 "(#$interArgIsa1-2 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the first argument to PRED, the second argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa1-3 (#$isa #$interArgIsa1-3 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa1-3 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa1-3 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa1-3 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa1-3 "(#$interArgIsa1-3 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the first argument to PRED, the third argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa1-4 (#$isa #$interArgIsa1-4 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa1-4 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa1-4 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa1-4 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa1-4 "(#$interArgIsa1-4 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the first argument to PRED, the fourth argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa1-5 (#$isa #$interArgIsa1-5 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa1-5 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa1-5 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa1-5 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa1-5 "(#$interArgIsa1-5 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the first argument to PRED, the fifth argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa2-1 (#$isa #$interArgIsa2-1 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$isa #$interArgIsa2-1 #$MetaRelation) (#$isa #$interArgIsa2-1 #$RuleMacroPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa2-1 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa2-1 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa2-1 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa2-1 "(#$interArgIsa2-1 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the second argument to PRED, the first argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa2-3 (#$isa #$interArgIsa2-3 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa2-3 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa2-3 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa2-3 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa2-3 "(#$interArgIsa2-3 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the second argument to PRED, the third argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa2-4 (#$isa #$interArgIsa2-4 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa2-4 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa2-4 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa2-4 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa2-4 "(#$interArgIsa2-4 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the second argument to PRED, the fourth argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa2-5 (#$isa #$interArgIsa2-5 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa2-5 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa2-5 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa2-5 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa2-5 "(#$interArgIsa2-5 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the second argument to PRED, the fifth argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa3-1 (#$isa #$interArgIsa3-1 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa3-1 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa3-1 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa3-1 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa3-1 "(#$interArgIsa3-1 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the third argument to PRED, the first argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa3-2 (#$isa #$interArgIsa3-2 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa3-2 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa3-2 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa3-2 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa3-2 "(#$interArgIsa3-2 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the third argument to PRED, the second argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa3-4 (#$isa #$interArgIsa3-4 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa3-4 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa3-4 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa3-4 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa3-4 "(#$interArgIsa3-4 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the third argument to PRED, the fourth argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa3-5 (#$isa #$interArgIsa3-5 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa3-5 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa3-5 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa3-5 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa3-5 "(#$interArgIsa3-5 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the third argument to PRED, the fifth argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa4-1 (#$isa #$interArgIsa4-1 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa4-1 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa4-1 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa4-1 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa4-1 "(#$interArgIsa4-1 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the fourth argument to PRED, the first argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa4-2 (#$isa #$interArgIsa4-2 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa4-2 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa4-2 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa4-2 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa4-2 "(#$interArgIsa4-2 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the fourth argument to PRED, the second argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa4-3 (#$isa #$interArgIsa4-3 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa4-3 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa4-3 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa4-3 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa4-3 "(#$interArgIsa4-3 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the fourth argument to PRED, the third argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa4-5 (#$isa #$interArgIsa4-5 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa4-5 #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa4-5 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa4-5 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa4-5 "(#$interArgIsa4-5 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the fourth argument to PRED, the fifth argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa5-1 (#$isa #$interArgIsa5-1 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa5-1 #$QuintaryPredicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa5-1 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa5-1 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa5-1 "(#$interArgIsa5-1 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the fifth argument to PRED, the first argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa5-2 (#$isa #$interArgIsa5-2 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa5-2 #$QuintaryPredicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa5-2 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa5-2 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa5-2 "(#$interArgIsa5-2 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the fifth argument to PRED, the second argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa5-3 (#$isa #$interArgIsa5-3 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa5-3 #$QuintaryPredicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa5-3 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa5-3 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa5-3 "(#$interArgIsa5-3 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the fifth argument to PRED, the third argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$interArgIsa5-4 (#$isa #$interArgIsa5-4 #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$interArgIsa5-4 #$QuintaryPredicate) (#$arg2Isa #$interArgIsa5-4 #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$interArgIsa5-4 #$Collection) (#$comment #$interArgIsa5-4 "(#$interArgIsa5-4 PRED INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL DEPENDENT-ARG-COL) #$BaseKB) means that, when an instance of INDEPENDENT-ARG-COL appears as the fifth argument to PRED, the fourth argument in that assertion is constrained to be an instance of DEPENDENT-ARG-COL.") ;;; #$internalParts (#$isa #$internalParts #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$internalParts #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$internalParts #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$internalParts #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$internalParts #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$internalParts #$physicalParts) (#$genlPreds #$internalParts #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$internalParts #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$internalParts #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$internalParts "the internal parts of this tangible object") ;;; #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry (#$isa #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries) (#$arg1Isa #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry #$InternationalOrganization) (#$arg2Isa #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry #$Country) (#$comment #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry "The predicate #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry is used to indicate that a particular country belongs to a particular international organization. (#$internationalOrg-MemberCountry INTORG NATION) means that the #$Country NATION (as represented by its national government or other legally designated body) is a member of the #$InternationalOrganization INTORG. For example, #$Bahrain is an #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry of the #$LeagueOfArabStates and of the #$UnitedNationsOrganization; or, #$China-PeoplesRepublic is a #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry of the #$UnitedNationsOrganization -- but #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina is not. Note: Cyc requires that members of organizations be #$Agents. Since geographical regions (such as countries) are not #$Agents, the usual Cyc predicate for indicating membership -- #$hasMembers -- refers to the governments of the countries which are mentioned in assertions made with #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry.") ;;; #$intersectsIntervalType (#$isa #$intersectsIntervalType #$TemporalRelation) (#$isa #$intersectsIntervalType #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$intersectsIntervalType #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$intersectsIntervalType #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlInverse #$intersectsIntervalType #$intersectsIntervalType) (#$arg1Isa #$intersectsIntervalType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$arg2Isa #$intersectsIntervalType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$intersectsIntervalType "(#$intersectsIntervalType ?X ?Y) indicates that every instance of ?X #$temporallyIntersects some instance ?Y. For example, in the nontropics, (#$intersectsIntervalType #$SummerSeason #$CalendarSummer). The `summer season' may not coincide exactly with the time between the summer solstice and autumnal equinox, but there is an (enormous) overlap between those two time periods. This relation, #$intersectsIntervalType, is commutative but not transitive.") ;;; #$interviewee (#$isa #$interviewee #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$interviewee #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$interviewee #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$interviewee #$socialParticipants) (#$arg1Isa #$interviewee #$SpokenCommunicating) (#$arg1Isa #$interviewee #$MultiDirectionalCommunication) (#$arg2Isa #$interviewee #$Person) (#$comment #$interviewee "(#$interviewee INTERVIEW AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is an interviewee in the #$Interviewing event INTERVIEW.") ;;; #$interviewer (#$isa #$interviewer #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$interviewer #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$interviewer #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$interviewer #$socialParticipants) (#$genlPreds #$interviewer #$performedBy) (#$arg1Isa #$interviewer #$SpokenCommunicating) (#$arg1Isa #$interviewer #$MultiDirectionalCommunication) (#$arg2Isa #$interviewer #$Person) (#$comment #$interviewer "(#$interviewer INTERVIEW AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is an interviewer in the #$Interviewing event INTERVIEW.") ;;; #$inverseFunc (#$not (#$isa #$inverseFunc #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inverseFunc #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inverseFunc #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inverseFunc #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inverseFunc #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$inverseFunc #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$inverseFunc #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$inverseFunc #$RelationshipPredicate) (#$genlInverse #$inverseFunc #$inverseFunc) (#$arg1Isa #$inverseFunc #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$arg2Isa #$inverseFunc #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$comment #$inverseFunc "The predicate #$inverseFunc relates a mathematical function to a unique inverse. Both arguments to #$inverseFunc are elements of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities. (#$inverseFunc FN INVFN) relates the function FN to its inverse INVFN; e.g., the #$inverseFunc of the logarithm function (#$LogFn) would be the exponential function (#$ExpFn).") ;;; #$inverseRelationType (#$isa #$inverseRelationType #$TernaryPredicate) (#$isa #$inverseRelationType #$RuleMacroPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$inverseRelationType #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg2Isa #$inverseRelationType #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$inverseRelationType #$Collection) (#$comment #$inverseRelationType "(#$inverseRelationType SLOT COL1 COL2) means that, for every INS2 which is an instance of COL2, there is some INS1 which is an instance of COL1, such that (SLOT INS1 INS2) holds. #$inverseRelationType is thus redundant with a huge set of commonly-occurring axioms. By having this predicate (along with an axiom that defines it, and, eventually, support in code for quick inferencing with it), axioms in that set can be stated more tersely, and collection-level reasoning with it is possible.") ;;; #$inverseRelationTypeCount (#$isa #$inverseRelationTypeCount #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$inverseRelationTypeCount #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg2Isa #$inverseRelationTypeCount #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$inverseRelationTypeCount #$Collection) (#$arg4Isa #$inverseRelationTypeCount #$NonNegativeInteger) (#$comment #$inverseRelationTypeCount "(#$inverseRelationTypeCount SLOT COL1 COL2 NUM) means that, for every instance of COL2 (INS2) there are exactly NUM instances of COL1 (INS1, INS3, ...) such that (SLOT INS1 INS2), (SLOT INS3 INS2), ..., hold. Thus (#$inverseRelationTypeCount #$anatomicalParts #$Animal #$Head-AnimalBodyPart 1) would mean `every animal head belongs to exactly one animal'.") ;;; #$inverseRelationTypeMax (#$isa #$inverseRelationTypeMax #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$inverseRelationTypeMax #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg2Isa #$inverseRelationTypeMax #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$inverseRelationTypeMax #$Collection) (#$arg4Isa #$inverseRelationTypeMax #$NonNegativeInteger) (#$comment #$inverseRelationTypeMax "(#$inverseRelationTypeMax SLOT COL1 COL2 NUM) means that, for every instance of COL2 (INS2) there are at most NUM instances of COL1 (INS1, INS3, ...) such that (SLOT INS1 INS2), (SLOT INS3 INS2), ..., hold. Thus (#$inverseRelationTypeMax #$physicalParts #$Hand #$Finger 1) means `every finger is part of at most one hand'.")